Description
Overview
SS-31 (Szeto-Schiller 31), also designated as elamipretide, is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide classified within the mitochondria-targeted peptide family of research compounds. It has been widely examined in laboratory settings for its interaction with mitochondrial membrane signaling pathways, specifically its studied association with cardiolipin, a phospholipid component of the inner mitochondrial membrane involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics research.
In research environments, SS-31 is frequently studied in relation to mitochondrial membrane dynamics, electron transport chain signaling pathway investigations, and regulatory mechanisms associated with mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation research. Its aromatic-cationic structural classification makes it a compound of particular interest in laboratory investigations focused on mitochondrial targeted peptide signaling research.
Scientists have explored its mitochondrial membrane interaction characteristics and bioenergetic signaling behavior within controlled experimental models focused on mitochondrial regulatory pathway research, examining how this tetrapeptide interacts with cardiolipin-associated signaling systems in laboratory settings.
Research Applications
SS-31 has been examined in several areas of laboratory research, including:
- Mitochondrial membrane dynamics and cardiolipin interaction research in laboratory models
- Electron transport chain signaling pathway and bioenergetics investigations ● Mitochondrial targeted peptide receptor interaction studies in controlled experimental settings
- Oxidative phosphorylation regulatory pathway research in preclinical laboratory models ● Aromatic-cationic peptide structural activity and mitochondrial membrane association research
These research applications focus on understanding how synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptides interact with mitochondrial membrane systems and bioenergetic signaling networks involved in mitochondrial regulatory pathways.
Mechanism and Pathway Context
Research has investigated SS-31 for its selective interaction with cardiolipin, a phospholipid uniquely concentrated in the inner mitochondrial membrane and studied for its role in mitochondrial bioenergetics and electron transport chain organization in laboratory models. Studies have explored how this aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide associates with
cardiolipin-containing membranes and how this interaction influences downstream mitochondrial signaling cascades involved in bioenergetic regulatory pathway activity.
Studies have explored how SS-31 interacts with mitochondrial membrane associated signaling mechanisms that influence electron transport chain organization and oxidative phosphorylation pathway activity in laboratory research models. Laboratory investigations have examined how
cardiolipin association influences the structural integrity of electron transport chain complexes and downstream ATP synthesis regulatory mechanisms in controlled experimental settings.
In experimental settings, researchers analyze how SS-31 associates with inner mitochondrial membrane systems and how this interaction influences downstream signaling cascades involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics regulation and reactive oxygen species associated pathway research in laboratory models. Laboratory investigations evaluate the membrane selectivity and mitochondrial targeting specificity associated with synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptides in this research classification.
Laboratory investigations also examine how mitochondria-targeted peptides from the aromatic-cationic classification interact with cardiolipin-dependent signaling networks, providing researchers with data across mitochondrial membrane dynamics, bioenergetics, and electron transport chain regulatory pathway research contexts.
Research Summary
SS-31 was developed as part of ongoing research into aromatic-cationic peptides and their selective interaction with mitochondrial membrane components in laboratory settings. Early peptide research in this classification explored synthetic tetrapeptides capable of selectively
associating with cardiolipin-containing membranes within mitochondrial systems while maintaining structural stability under experimental conditions.
The Szeto-Schiller peptide series was developed during investigations into mitochondria-targeted peptide compounds designed to interact with inner mitochondrial membrane signaling systems. SS-31 emerged as a compound of significant research interest within this series due to its documented cardiolipin binding characteristics and mitochondrial membrane interaction profile in preclinical laboratory models.
Scientific investigations have examined its biochemical characteristics, cardiolipin association activity, and bioenergetic signaling interactions within mitochondrial pathway research models. Published preclinical literature has explored its interaction with electron transport chain regulatory mechanisms and oxidative phosphorylation associated signaling systems in controlled experimental settings.
Current research continues to explore how aromatic-cationic peptides in this class interact with mitochondrial membrane signaling systems and bioenergetic regulatory pathways, with SS-31 representing one of the most extensively documented compounds in mitochondria-targeted peptide research literature.
Product Specifications
- Peptide Name: SS-31 (Szeto-Schiller 31 / Elamipretide)
- Amount per vial: 50mg
- Purity: ≥99%
- Format: Lyophilized powder
- Classification: Synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide
- Research Grade: Laboratory research compound
Storage and Handling
This product is supplied as a lyophilized research peptide powder. For laboratory stability purposes, storage under refrigerated conditions is recommended following reconstitution. Proper laboratory handling procedures should be followed to maintain compound integrity during research applications.
Research Use Disclaimer
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. This product is intended strictly for laboratory research purposes. It is not intended for human or veterinary use.
Scientific Background
SS-31 belongs to the Szeto-Schiller family of aromatic-cationic tetrapeptides, a class of synthetic mitochondria-targeted peptide compounds developed during research into selective mitochondrial membrane interaction agents. The compound was first characterized as part of broader investigations into peptide based mitochondrial targeting strategies and their relationship to cardiolipin-associated bioenergetic signaling pathways in laboratory models.
The aromatic-cationic structural classification of SS-31 was identified as a key determinant of its selective mitochondrial membrane association in laboratory research. Researchers have explored how the alternating aromatic and cationic amino acid residues in its tetrapeptide sequence contribute to its documented affinity for cardiolipin-containing membranes within the inner mitochondrial membrane in controlled experimental models.
Its designation as elamipretide in clinical research literature reflects its progression from preclinical laboratory investigation into early-stage clinical research contexts, where it has been studied in relation to mitochondrial bioenergetics pathway research. Published scientific literature has documented its cardiolipin binding characteristics, electron transport chain associated pathway interactions, and mitochondrial membrane dynamics research across multiple preclinical and early clinical investigation models.
Its structure as a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide allows scientists to examine mitochondrial membrane targeting dynamics, cardiolipin interaction specificity, and bioenergetic
signaling pathway associations within mitochondria-targeted peptide research, making it one of the most studied compounds in this peptide classification family.
Key Research Areas
Mitochondrial Membrane and Cardiolipin Interaction Research Laboratory studies have explored SS-31 as a model compound for examining aromatic-cationic peptide association with cardiolipin-containing inner mitochondrial membranes and the downstream signaling implications of this interaction in controlled experimental models. These investigations help researchers understand how synthetic tetrapeptides selectively associate with mitochondrial membrane phospholipid systems and influence bioenergetic signaling pathway organization.
Electron Transport Chain and Bioenergetics Research Research has examined how SS-31 cardiolipin association influences electron transport chain complex organization and oxidative phosphorylation regulatory pathway activity in laboratory research models. These investigations help researchers understand how mitochondria-targeted peptides interact with bioenergetic signaling systems and electron transport chain regulatory mechanisms in preclinical experimental settings.
Reactive Oxygen Species Pathway Research Laboratory studies have explored SS-31 in relation to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species associated signaling pathways and the regulatory mechanisms examined in experimental models studying oxidative signaling in mitochondrial systems. These investigations help researchers understand how cardiolipin-associating peptides interact with mitochondrial oxidative signaling pathway regulatory systems in controlled laboratory settings.
Mitochondrial Targeted Peptide Structure and Activity Research Scientists study SS-31 within aromatic-cationic peptide chemistry research to understand how structural variations in tetrapeptide sequences influence mitochondrial membrane affinity, cardiolipin binding characteristics, and bioenergetic signaling pathway specificity in laboratory models. These investigations support broader understanding of structure-activity relationships in mitochondria-targeted synthetic peptide research.
Pathway Interaction Overview
Research has examined SS-31 for its selective interaction with cardiolipin, a phospholipid component of the inner mitochondrial membrane involved in electron transport chain organization and mitochondrial bioenergetics signaling pathway research in laboratory models.
Laboratory studies investigate how cardiolipin association influences intracellular mitochondrial signaling mechanisms, including pathways associated with electron transport chain complex stabilization, oxidative phosphorylation regulatory systems, and reactive oxygen species associated mitochondrial signaling cascades in controlled research settings.
Scientists analyze how SS-31 mitochondrial membrane association may influence downstream signaling pathways that regulate bioenergetic activity and mitochondrial regulatory pathway interactions within its documented preclinical research pathway contexts.
Literature Overview
Scientific literature surrounding SS-31 focuses primarily on mitochondria-targeted peptide research, cardiolipin interaction studies, and mitochondrial bioenergetics pathway investigations, with the compound independently documented across an extensive body of preclinical and early clinical laboratory research publications.
Key themes explored in laboratory research include:
- Cardiolipin binding characteristics and inner mitochondrial membrane association research
- Electron transport chain signaling pathway and oxidative phosphorylation regulatory research
- Reactive oxygen species associated mitochondrial signaling pathway investigations ● Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide structural activity relationships in mitochondria-targeted peptide research
These investigations help expand scientific understanding of how synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptides interact with mitochondrial membrane signaling systems and bioenergetic regulatory pathway contexts.
References
- Szeto HH. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. British Journal of Pharmacology.
2014;171(8):2029-2050. PMID: 24117026.
- Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, et al. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;24(8):1250-1261. PMID: 23813215.
- Szeto HH, Schiller PW. Novel therapies targeting inner mitochondrial membrane — from discovery to clinical development. Pharmaceutical Research. 2011;28(11):2669-2679. PMID: 21710322.
- Zhao K, Zhao GM, Wu D, et al. Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling, oxidative cell death, and reperfusion injury. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004;279(33):34682-34690. PMID: 15178689.
Researchers interested in the biochemical and signaling characteristics of SS-31 are encouraged to review peer reviewed publications within these scientific databases.

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